England Essay Topics For 5th Grade

<h1>England Essay Topics For fifth Grade</h1><p>England article points for fifth grade are accessible to secondary school understudies on the Internet or at your nearby library. These expositions assist you with finding and recall realities about the nation, locales, individuals, and the time period.</p><p></p><p>England has more than schoolwork points. We have an educational program, one book as well as numerous books that can assist us with becoming familiar with this incredible nation. English has five fundamental segments, the history, geology, writing, expressions of the human experience, and music. In fifth level, we have to take these five points in the request introduced, with themes, for example, 'Britain Are,' 'Britain's Growth,' 'Britain's Populations,' 'England, Its People,' and 'Lives of the Poets.'</p><p></p><p>English is a wide language and requires a few subjects to find out about. Britain is viewed as an island country in Europe and has three principle landmasses. There are double cross periods when England is discovered; the Medieval time frame, which kept going from the medieval times to the nineteenth century, and the Age of Revolution, which began in the eighteenth century and went on up to this point. These double cross periods and societies were totally unique in relation to each other.</p><p></p><p>When I was in sixth grade, there were two books to peruse that truly helped me with English paper subjects for fifth grade. I suggest that you make a rundown of the subjects to expound on, since various nations have various requirements and you will be unable to cover each point that is in the list.</p><p></p><p>English is one of the most utilized dialects everywhere throughout the world. Learning it will permit you to have the option to speak with individuals who talk it smoothly. Since such huge numbers of individuals communicate in English as their first language, you will gain so much from conversations.</p><p></p><p>English isn't simply constrained to your neighborhood, is a piece of nearly everybody's day by day life. You may never meet somebody who doesn't have the foggiest idea how to state 'You are lovely,' or have discussions with a remote nation that utilizes English as its primary language. English considers a wide assortment of exercises and relationships.</p><p></p><p>A part of work goes into learning English, however once you've aced it, you'll see that you'll talk it effortlessly. Britain exposition themes for fifth grade are on the whole here on the web or in libraries for you to find out about England.</p>

Essay Writing With Me Pomodor

Essay Writing With Me PomodorIn this article I'm going to show you how to write an essay with me Pomodor. I think that most of the students out there is currently looking for some simple yet effective ways to write papers and essays. Writing papers is not a complete piece of cake because you have to spend lots of time searching for proper research materials.When I read online some articles I read that students get frustrated by the idea of making it through the school semester with only a 50% grade. In fact, this is not the best result that you can get. That's why I will show you how to write an essay with me Pomodor.You may have heard of me Pomodor before. This is the actual name of an essay or a paper that I use myself. This way my student is always provided with his/her homework and he/she is in perfect condition to make the most of their assignments. Let's talk about how you can write your own Pomodor essay.Before you start to write your My Pomodor essay, you should ask yourself a few questions. This is very important because you want to be prepared before you actually start writing your paper. These questions are not meant to scare you, but I do hope they will help you formulate the kind of essay that you want to create.The first question that you should ask yourself is whether you can make it through the semester with only a mediocre grade. Next question is whether you would like to keep on doing good grades? And finally, the question is whether you could find other ways of writing your papers without spending lots of time for research.What I have done is to make my students use the Pomodor method of writing. The idea of this method is to make sure that my students have to spend few minutes for each assignment. They won't feel pressured in completing their assignments because they are doing something practical and they can easily find references on the internet.However, most of the high school students are very lazy. Most of them just want to get a good g rade on their assignment without wasting too much time for research and they are not able to deal with the exams.So you should consider using this essay writing method because you will find that you will be able to get your assignment done in no time. I hope you will consider this and use it to get through your essay.

Essay Samples Book - Writing Your Own Essay

Essay Samples Book - Writing Your Own EssayAn essay samples book can be very helpful when you are writing an essay. Some people simply need assistance, while others will write the essay themselves and therefore do not have the time or expertise to handle the essay themselves.Many of us who go to college or university in the traditional way have many writing assignments that we must perform as part of our coursework. In order to pass these classes, we must have a clear idea of what we are doing and how to do it. For example, if we take a history or English class in university, we should understand the text of the text, the relationship between different themes, the key points, and key events that provide the central ideas of the course.A good essay sample's book will give you all the information you need to make sure you are taking the correct steps in the class. The book will cover every step of your essay from start to finish, allowing you to follow the instructions and guidelines. The book will also provide you with a variety of sample essays to help you along the way.A good book will allow you to go back through all the sample essays and read them over again to see if you made any mistakes. If you find a number of mistakes that you did not understand, the book will show you where you can go back and add clarification to the sections that need it.These books are well-made and are designed to help you with all your writing needs. Each chapter of the book is a self-contained essay that you can complete, and each chapter contains a number of questions you will need to answer in order to move on to the next chapter. You may also find that the chapter requires you to answer a number of multiple choice questions.In order to use these books, you will have to purchase your own copy at your local bookstore. You will then need to print the chapter yourself and take it to the class with you. In most cases, this process takes about thirty minutes or less.In summary, an e ssay sample's book is an excellent idea for those who need help and support with their essay writing. They allow you to write your own essay, and this can be the difference between an A-.

It’s Time to Limit Restrict Hate Speech Essay - 901 Words

It’s Time to Limit Restrict Hate Speech Free speech is the backbone that holds democracy together. Without a free speech, ideas would not be challenged, governments would not be kept in check, and citizens would not be free. John Stuart Mill said once that, â€Å"If all mankind minus one were of one opinion, and only one person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person then he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind.†( Roleff, 21). The right to free speech is essential to â€Å"egalitarian democracy,†(Tsesis) however, this right is not absolute and must be limited in certain situations. Hate speech is one form of expression that should be limited in some†¦show more content†¦This speech grew to action, which led Nazi leaders to implement the â€Å"Final Solution,† and the massacre of six million Jews. But what about hate crimes today in the United States, how are hate-based murders different from a murder of a random individual. The answer to that question is in the brutality of the crime. Hate crimes are, for the most part, inherently more brutal because of deeply rooted ideals between two opposing groups. This brutality has led many, including former president Bill Clinton to call for legislation against hate crimes (Hellwege). Yet another important question to ask is, what exactly defines a hate crime? Is what Dr. Laura Schlessinger guilty of a hate crime when she says that individuals are â€Å"entitled to respect and kindness as fellow human beings,† when she publicly denounces homosexuality? (Leo). A logical person wouldn’t think so. However, Dr. Schlessinger is coming under heavy scrutiny form gay rights groups protesting the good Doctors radio show and calling for her silence, or, at a minimum, an apology on the subject. Denouncing homosexuality pacifically should in no way be compared to the hostile descent of neo-nazi hate groups. So should both hostile and pacifist discent be limited on the same scale? Pacifist descent should not be limited at all in any case, to do so would be a total suppression of free speech and hostile dissent should only be limited in certain extreme cases. This must be doneShow MoreRelatedAre We Really Free to Speak and Express Ourselves1588 Words   |à ‚  7 Pagesagainst an amendment that was set forth to protect the people and limit government control in the first place. â€Å"Freedom of speech in the United States is protected by the First amendment to the United States Constitution and by many state constitutions and state and federal laws. Criticism of the government and advocacy of unpopular ideas that people may find distasteful or against public policy, such as racism, sexism, and other hate speech are almost always permitted. There are exceptions to these generalRead MoreCensorship Is Bad For The Modern World876 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernment, ethnic communities and media outlets. Censorship originates back in ancient times in many different countries such as Rome and China. Censorship was mainly used for political, social and religious purposes. For example, Christians used censorship to defend against non-Christian rulers threats. There are various reasons as to why censorship is used. They include: security purposes, prevent hate speech, to protect vulnerable communities and also to counter unethical religious and politicalRead More Free Speech Essay2198 Words   |  9 Pagespeople’s opinions were heard. What our Founding Fathers could not foresee is that in our 21st century, The Freedom of Speech not only gives a person such a massive power, but also an opinion even if it is immoral and goes against citizens’ values. Thesis statement The First Amendment is the right that has been belonging to people since the birth. When we think about freedom of speech, we tend to remember the protester who expressed his opinion through burning the United States flag or about journalistsRead MoreEssay about Social Media is Free Speech Gone Mad1063 Words   |  5 Pages The notion of freedom of speech is â€Å"the right to express information, ideas, and opinions free of government restrictions based on content and subject only to reasonable limitations.† Social media rapidly travels virally, thus magnifying issues so that they are more exaggerated than they would be through conventional media. How do we ensure that this technology benefits society and does not create a scenario which is of detriment to us – how do we prevent â€Å"free speech gone mad†? Athlete’s use ofRead MoreFree Speech Zones Essay1897 Words   |  8 Pageswisdom; and no such thing as public liberty, without freedom of speech.à ¢â‚¬  Indeed, free speech is a large block upon which this nation was first constructed, and remains a hard staple of America today; and in few places is that freedom more often utilized than on a college campus. However, there are limitations to our constitutional liberties on campus and they, most frequently, manifest themselves in the form of free speech zones, hate speech and poor university policy. Most school codes are designedRead MoreControlling The People Of Oceania1505 Words   |  7 Pagesspying, to police not just speech and action but also thought and belief. Propaganda too works upon thought and belief, but differently: propaganda instils belief, surveillance policies it† (Yeo). In other words, the government acts as a sense of law enforcement when they are using surveillance to continuously watch over the people. The Party resembles the police because they are continuously enforcing strict behavioral guidelines and want people to follow them at all times. Th e government also wantsRead More Freedom of Speech Essay1869 Words   |  8 PagesFreedom of speech, ones right to say what they please without fear of being punished, is among one of the most treasured freedoms throughout America. Protected by the relevant constitutional provision, this freedom was also deemed most important by the founders. The first inhabitants of North American colonies, whom were controlled by the British, did not have the legal right to speak out against government policies or issues such as unfair laws and taxes, English speech regulations were quiteRead MoreEssay about Freedom of Expression on the Internet3920 Words   |  16 Pagesattempted to enact) several laws regarding freedom of speech and the internet. A short overview of these follows. 1.The First Amendment Given how short the First Amendment is, it has caused a surprising amount of controversy and an untold number of new laws and regulations. The text simply states â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceablyRead More Offensive Speech Should be Allowed Essay2753 Words   |  12 PagesAmericans treasure the right to freedom of speech above all others. Yet, as we stand here in the birth of a new millennium, this right has become endangered. College campuses across the nation are embroiled in a heated debate over what, exactly, constitutes free speech. At the heart of the debate is the issue of hate speech, or speech that offends, threatens, or insults a person because of some trait such as gender or race (McMasters). Incidents of hate speech include an international student shoutingRead More Protecting Our Children from the In ternet Essay3043 Words   |  13 Pagesessentially learning how to use a computer. As my son gets older and begins to use the computer more and more, I would like to let him have access to the Internet but not everything that comes along with it. I know that this will not be for some time, but that gives me the opportunity to learn how to protect him from things that are not appropriate for him. For example, there is a website called Rotten.com that shows pictures of people who have been shot or stabbed. It even has the picture showing

Emerson V Thoreau Essay Example For Students

Emerson V Thoreau Essay Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau: Lecture EssayMarch 13, 1846-A lecture by Henry David ThoreauHenry D. Thoreau gave an intellectually stimulating lecture. His political and environmental stances enchanted the audience. His ideas are indicative of self-reliance, simplicity and appreciation. His delivery invited each listener to actively enjoy what he said. Thoreau presented his lecture so that the audience had no choice but to ponder and think about what he said. He was passionate in what he said, as his values and views leaked into the audience like a stream branching out from a river. The following is what I took away from his speech. Thoreau began his speech by addressing his purpose of living alone-a word of discussion in his lecture- and in the woods of Concord. I quoted a passage that he derived from his own book, under the assumption that it was something of significance, either to the audience or himself. In either case, his statement would reveal a part of Thoreau that was of importance to him. I never found the companion that was so companionable as solitude. We are for the most part more lonely when we go abroad among men than when we stay in our chambers. A man thinking or working is always alone let him be where he will. (p. 123) Thoreau paused after he read. My initial response to this statement was to think about it. So solitude is physically a friend to you? He answered my question before I could question him. In the absence of people, he had befriended the seasons. He continued to speak of his Natural friends, like the birds who sang for him, and the rain, which entertained him. Thoreaus idea of sol itude was that solitude is simply a different state of mind. Instead of the events and actions of other people, he discerned that ones own actions, thoughts and imagination were of equal value. As he spoke, I began to appreciate what he said. His digression from society wasnt the result of dislike for it, but a personal value of living through his own eyes, rather than others eyes. He did not need material things to measure life. Thoreaus next venture featured a fisherman. A quiet man who fished by himself at Walden Pond. Thoreau told a story of this man who came to the pond near everyday in the spring and summer. He fished from the shore, never on a boat. Something separated this man from the rest of those who came to fish. After he caught the fish, no matter the size, he would pack up his gear and leave. Where was this story leading? Thoreau admired the man who satisfied himself so easily, although he never spoke to the man. I wondered if it was a true story. Why would a guy want only one fish? Why so easily satisfied? My mind raced as he spoke, trying to devour and process the words that he said. Suddenly, without contemplation, I asked Thoreau a question. Mr. Thoreau, I said. This man you speak of is different from many in his ways. He travels such a distance for such a tiny reward. Why does he settle for less when he could have more without much marginal effort?Thoreau smiled for the first time during his speech, like he was entertained by my inquiry. My answer can be no better than yours. That was all Thoreau said. At least he wasnt egotistical. His answer seemed to raise me to his level. My answer was just as good as any other answer in the room. Maybe the guy didnt even like fish; he just wanted to be outside. Or maybe his son drowned there in the pond, and he needed to have a part of him everyday, no matter how big or small of a part it may be. .u0ae162885c50b6b405c6952a08c40975 , .u0ae162885c50b6b405c6952a08c40975 .postImageUrl , .u0ae162885c50b6b405c6952a08c40975 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0ae162885c50b6b405c6952a08c40975 , .u0ae162885c50b6b405c6952a08c40975:hover , .u0ae162885c50b6b405c6952a08c40975:visited , .u0ae162885c50b6b405c6952a08c40975:active { border:0!important; } .u0ae162885c50b6b405c6952a08c40975 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0ae162885c50b6b405c6952a08c40975 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0ae162885c50b6b405c6952a08c40975:active , .u0ae162885c50b6b405c6952a08c40975:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0ae162885c50b6b405c6952a08c40975 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0ae162885c50b6b405c6952a08c40975 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0ae162885c50b6b405c6952a08c40975 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0ae162885c50b6b405c6952a08c40975 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0ae162885c50b6b405c6952a08c40975:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0ae162885c50b6b405c6952a08c40975 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0ae162885c50b6b405c6952a08c40975 .u0ae162885c50b6b405c6952a08c40975-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0ae162885c50b6b405c6952a08c40975:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: White Supremacy And White Privilege examples EssayThoreau continued to talk of the fisherman. Although quiet, the man was not silent. He smiled when others greeted him, and offered his hand when other fishermen sought to launch their boats. He loves his life, which is something that not everyone experiences, Thoreau glanced at me. Is it not easier to be happy when your wants are few?Here Thoreau began his conclusion to his lecture. The universe is wider than our views of it. Our eyes are closed. No man will see every inch of our world, and the questions which nature asks us will remain a basis of thought as long as people live. Exploration of the world and of ourselves is the only light that can reveal. He picked up his book and read. Start now on that farthest western way, which does not pause at the Mississippi or the Pacific, but leads on a direct tangent to this sphere, summer and winter, day and night, sun down, moon down, and at last earth down too. (P.287) March 22, 1846-A lecture by Ralph Waldo EmersonEmersons lecture was an awesome experience. I had an overall uplifting sensation in my body during his entire speech. He seemed to have a thirst for the unknown, which became contagious. The thirst appealed to a side of me that I had never acknowledged, or even knew existed. He inspired me. Emerson started his lecture with a bang. He read from notes, and peered through his glasses at the audience. He had a certain fireThe first in time and the first in importance of the influence upon the mind is that of nature. (P. 84) Emerson spoke of how humans perceive things to formulate thoughts. He named off the five senses, and told how we manipulate them in our processing to fit into our corrupted image of them. He talked of the world, or nature in the context he used, being the shadow of the soul, as if they were one. He presented the idea that we as humans create what we see around us with our minds. And our senses are simply our minds way of creation. What an idea! We always think of the separation between the world and ourselves, but undoubtedly they are attached. The Universe is the externalization of the soul. Wherever the life is, that bursts into appearance around it. (P.209) Emerson moved on to a subject that conveyed his value of independent thought. Meek young men gr ow up in libraries, believing it their duties to accept the views which Cicero, which Locke, which Bacon have given; forgetful that Cicero, Locke, and Bacon were only young men in libraries when they wrote these books. (P.86)These young men, to him, were followers in the sense that I give the word. They are the people who learn from others, rather than from themselves. I drew a connection here. If the world is a shadow of ones soul, then it was like these followers are living through other peoples souls. This fake life is not their own, but the answers to somebody elses questions. Emerson drew a comparison between a poet and independent thinking. He said that the poet is he who puts words to actions. In this way, the poet does not rely on others to listen, or see what he/she sees. The poet, with a perception unused by most, gives life to the dead, and words to emotions. Emerson sees the significance of invention. Any man can learn, but few can invent. I was feeling bold, and to pass up a chance to hear Emersons reaction to my thoughts would have been stupid. Mr. Emerson. A poet reveals to us something we have never seen or heard, like they have a higher sense of perception than other men. What separates such men from the poet?Everyone is a poet in their own right, Emersons eyes turned me into glass, fire burns once it is lit, but the spark that ignites a flame is the poetry. The difference between the poet and other men is in the thinking of each. If a person sees a sunset and writes about what it means to him/her and the emotions they feel at that moment, then they are creating. The average person will see a sunset and write down the colors, describing the sight. The poet does not stop at the color and the form, thus not limiting beauty to the eyes. Beauty exists everywhere, the poet sees this beauty when it is invisible to other men. .u8380c8d56dea3d257658d89a36b5a082 , .u8380c8d56dea3d257658d89a36b5a082 .postImageUrl , .u8380c8d56dea3d257658d89a36b5a082 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8380c8d56dea3d257658d89a36b5a082 , .u8380c8d56dea3d257658d89a36b5a082:hover , .u8380c8d56dea3d257658d89a36b5a082:visited , .u8380c8d56dea3d257658d89a36b5a082:active { border:0!important; } .u8380c8d56dea3d257658d89a36b5a082 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8380c8d56dea3d257658d89a36b5a082 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8380c8d56dea3d257658d89a36b5a082:active , .u8380c8d56dea3d257658d89a36b5a082:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8380c8d56dea3d257658d89a36b5a082 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8380c8d56dea3d257658d89a36b5a082 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8380c8d56dea3d257658d89a36b5a082 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8380c8d56dea3d257658d89a36b5a082 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8380c8d56dea3d257658d89a36b5a082:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8380c8d56dea3d257658d89a36b5a082 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8380c8d56dea3d257658d89a36b5a082 .u8380c8d56dea3d257658d89a36b5a082-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8380c8d56dea3d257658d89a36b5a082:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Internal and External Factors Which Affected Airasia’s EssayI understood what he meant. Everybody is blind to certain things in life. To remove the blindfold is something that is unnecessary, and overlooked. The poet removes the blindfold and not only sees what others miss, but he/she gives meaning to it. Emersons lecture concluded with an encouragement to the audience to search lifes limits, and that thought was the key. Thinking encourages self-formulated answers, or imagination, an element that can externalize the soul. I may find the answers to universal questions if my own brain participates in the creation of the circle in which I might find it. The key to every man is his thought. (P. 190)Philosophy Essays

Legal Reasoning to the Grudge Informer Dilemma Essay Example

Legal Reasoning to the Grudge Informer Dilemma Paper The Problem of the Grudge Informer describes a situation that two major philosophical theories of law-Legal Positivism and Natural Law Theory-greatly disagree on. It provides a legitimate question for Natural Law theorists about the objective moral order of justice systems, which is accessed by reason and more specifically, the extent of which morality can play in criminalizing an apparent regime of terror. On the other hand, Legal Positivists challenge that whether a law has an integral moral aspect makes no difference to the prosecution of an otherwise anarchist government. For them, law is a system of orders or commands enforced by power. It is a pure human product. Herein lies the debate of the Grudge Informer. The Legal Positivist position holds that the informers were acting out of obligatory concern for the laws of that time and are therefore, legally guarded by those laws for any legitimate criminal offense. The Naturalist would respond indignantly towards the rigid legal position of the Positivists and would consequently punish every Grudge Informer for acts of willful harm and perhaps murder. For them, the acts of the informers were immoral and should not go unpunished, which the Positivists simply dont care about. Thus, as the newly appointed Minister of Justice, I adopt the third deputys suggested plan as the most logical and appropriate ruling because of the fact that an objective moral order, among other things, must be an integral part of all legal institutions and that the grudge informers shall not go unpunished for their wrongdoings. First, I urge that an additional and better plan could be implemented combining a couple of the steps each of these deputies has to offer. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Reasoning to the Grudge Informer Dilemma specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Reasoning to the Grudge Informer Dilemma specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Reasoning to the Grudge Informer Dilemma specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, I conclude that if one recommendation were chosen then the third deputy presents the most satisfying plan for all parts of the justice system. Each of the other recommendations contains slight defects of which I will examine. According to the first deputys recommendation, we shouldnt and cant prosecute any of the grudge informers. Their acts of what a Purple Shirtist might call patriotism were protected by the law of the land (Fuller 160). The first deputy goes on to say that, like our newfound democratic justice system, the Purple Shirts operated under the law even though those laws might be wrong. He says, The cardinal point of our creed is that when an objective has been duly incorporated into a law or judicial decree it must be provisionally accepted even by those who hate it (Fuller 161). However, although their acts might seem lawful and obligatory, they were clearly wrong. The law itself was defected. In any sort of government, the protection of its citizens is its ultimate concern. That is not to say a lawful protection always occurs. The first deputy fails to recognize that although lawful, the acts of Purple Shirtism were wrong and could diminish the duty of protection if future terrorist regimes were to take control. The first deputy contains yet another logical error. Rather than admitting the Purple Shirts were wrong, he simply acknowledges the difference in their ideology so as to say whatever they believed and whatever their objectives were, they were still lawful. He even admits that they disregarded any laws that didnt fit their ideology. This is ultimately where his recommendation fails. It is contradictory and rather relativistic that he suggests each ideology is correct in its own right when he admits some acts of the Purple Shirts were what we consider detestable (Fuller 160). In essence, to disregard any wrong actions the grudge informers made simply because they were lawful at that time is exactly what Purple Shirtists did when they disregarded laws not pertaining to their ideology. Essentially, he admits this was wrong and therefore, immoral. Like Fuller, if we acknowledge the virtue of right and wrong rules then we acknowledge morality pertaining to law. To accept the first deputys recommendation would take on a strict positivist role, which is insufficient to the misconduct performed by the informers. In the second deputys recommendation the same resolution is reached, but by the conclusion that there were no laws at all during that time. He says, What they did do was neither lawful nor contrary to the law, for they lived, not under a regime of law, but under one of anarchy and terror (Fuller 161). He admits that it was a war of all against all and that the so-called grudge informers were just one phase of that war (Fuller 161). Logically, this cannot be a significant reason to overlook the atrocities that the informers intended to commit. The second deputy is essentially sweeping the entire period of the Purple Shirt regime under the rug, including the grudge informers. It occurs to me, as in the first deputys recommendation, that an apathetic attitude is suggested toward the wrong actions of the grudge informers. Something must be done simply to avoid another reign of terror. To not act would be the most harmful act. As Martin Luther King Jr. once said, Justice too long delayed is justice denied, let alone any step towards justice taken at all (MLK 79). Although the fourth deputys recommendation demands some action against the grudge informers, I disagree with enacting a special statute. He argues that the third deputy would perpetuate the abuses of the Purple Shirt party even though enacting a statute would seemingly do the same. The fourth deputy contradicts his own reasoning. He asserts that the Purple Shirtists used the law to their advantage by using the ones they liked and nullifying the ones they didnt, but doesnt realize his own recommendation uses the same logical sequence. Even if we were to apply existing laws to the actions of the grudge informers it would be historically unfair, let alone enacting a new law. This exemplifies the debate of the legitimacy of post facto laws, which is a delicate route. The argument of developing a new statute is dangerous and unforeseen. Furthermore, the fourth deputys recommendation relies upon the contingency that the special statute would be sufficient. And after his flawed reasoning of enacting a special statute, it would be irresponsible to believe we could approve of one that could separate the grudge informers from all the other criminal activities of that time. Finally, the fifth deputy, like the first and the second, recommends that nothing should be done and that, instead, we should allow that instinct [of revenge] to express itself directly without the intervention of forms of law (Fuller 163). I strongly disagree with this proposal. A just society should hold the highest values of law, and to accept that revenge is one of these values is to accept this type of behavior from those that are subject to the set of laws. This type of unlawful behavior reminds me of the Wild West, which is infamous for its outlaws and lack of justice administration. In addition, the fifth deputy acknowledges with his recommendation that a few innocent heads will be broken (Fuller 163). It is unacceptable that any innocent people should be afflicted under a justice system that holds the highest of values, especially one that chooses to do nothing about serious offenses. St. Thomas Aquinas would support my position when he defined Law as nothing else than an ordinance of reason for the common good, promulgated by him who has the care of the community (Aquinas 77). Clearly, the fifth deputy breaks the most basic concepts of law by ironically doing nothing. After reviewing the deputys recommendations, I conclude that the third deputy presents the best alternative to the Grudge Informer dilemma. He recognizes that we cannot deem the entire Purple Shirt regime as outside the realm of law, or, on the other, that all of its doings are entitled to full credence as the acts of a lawful government (Fuller 161). Somewhere in between those two extremes lies the problem of the Grudge Informer, which is why the third deputy offers punishment on a case-by-case basis. This particular group of people within the Purple Shirt regime knowingly used the legal system to the benefit of themselves and not of the entire society. In this case, the grudge informers were operating under unjust laws even though they were following their laws. Saint Thomas Aquinas would agree with me when he declared, An unjust law is a human law that is not rooted in eternal and natural law (MLK 80). This brings us back to the debate between Naturalists and Positivists in which I am inclined, as is the case for Fuller, to believe that there is some internal morality within law; that Law is not merely order, but good order (Adams 44). The informers themselves exemplified the positivist tradition in that they didnt hesitate at the possible morality of the situation, but followed the law with tunnel vision and consequently should be punished accordingly. Like Fuller, my perspective of the Grudge Informer is not strictly from the naturalists but, rather, one that doesnt agree with the positivists. As a result, neither Fuller nor I would agree with any deputy but the third.

The Domestication and History of Modern Horses

The Domestication and History of Modern Horses The modern domesticated horse (Equus caballus) is today spread throughout the world and among the most diverse creatures on the planet. In North America, the horse was part of the megafaunal extinctions at the end of the Pleistocene. Two wild subspecies survived until recently, the Tarpan (Equus ferus ferus, died out ca 1919) and Przewalskis Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii, of which there are a few left). Horse history, especially the timing of the domestication of the horse, is still being debated, partly because the evidence for domestication itself is debatable. Unlike other animals, criteria such as changes in body morphology (horses are extremely diverse) or the location of a particular horse outside of its normal range (horses are very widespread) are not useful in helping resolve the question. Evidence for Horse Domestication The earliest possible hints for domestication would be the presence of what appears to be a set of postmolds with lots of animal dung within the area defined by the posts, which scholars interpret as representing a horse pen. That evidence has been found at Krasnyi Yar in Kazakhstan, in portions of the site dating to as early as 3600 BC. The horses may have been kept for food and milk, rather than riding or load-bearing. Accepted archaeological evidence of horseback riding includes bit wear on horse teeth- that has been found in the steppes east of the Ural mountains at Botai and Kozhai 1 in modern Kazakhstan, around 3500-3000 BC. The bit wear was only found on a few of the teeth in the archaeological assemblages, which might suggest that a few horses were ridden to hunt and collect wild horses for food and milk consumption. Finally, the earliest direct evidence of the use of horses as beasts of burden- in the form of drawings of horse-drawn chariots- is from Mesopotamia, about 2000 BC. Krasnyi Yar includes over 50 residential pithouses, adjacent to which have been found dozens of postmolds. The postmolds- archaeological remnants of where posts have been set in the past- are arranged in circles, and these are interpreted as evidence of horse corrals. Horse History and Genetics Genetic data, interestingly enough, has traced all extant domesticated horses to one founder stallion, or to closely related male horses with the same Y haplotype. At the same time, there is a high matrilineal diversity in both domestic and wild horses. At least 77 wild mares would be required to explain the diversity of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in current horse populations, which probably means quite a few more. A 2012 study (Warmuth and colleagues) combining archaeology, mitochondrial DNA, and Y-chromosomal DNA supports the domestication of horse as occurring once, in the western part of the Eurasian steppe, and that because of the horses wild natures, several repeated introgression events (restocking of horse populations by adding wild mares), must have occurred. As identified in earlier studies, that would explain the diversity of mtDNA. Three Strands of Evidence for Domesticated Horses In a paper published in Science in 2009, Alan K. Outram and colleagues looked at three strands of evidence supporting horse domestication at Botai culture sites: shin bones, milk consumption, and bitwear. These data support domestication of the horse between about 3500-3000 BC sites in what is today Kazakhstan. Horses skeletons at Botai Culture sites have gracile metacarpals. The horses metacarpals- the shins or cannon bones- are used as key indicators of domesticity. For whatever reason (and I wont speculate here), shins on domestic horses are thinner- more gracile- than those of wild horses. Outram et al. describe the shinbones from Botai as being closer in size and shape to those of Bronze age (fully domesticated) horses compared to wild horses. Fatty lipids of horse milk were found inside of pots. Although today it seems a bit weird to westerners, horses were kept for both their meat and milk in the past- and still are in the Kazakh region as you can see from the photograph above. Evidence of horse milk was found at Botai in the form of fatty lipid residues on the insides of ceramic vessels; further, evidence for consumption of horse meat has been identified at Botai culture horse and rider burials. Bit wear is in evidence on horse teeth. Researchers noted bitting wear on horses teeth- a vertical strip of wear on the outside of horses premolars, where the metal bit damages the enamel when it sits between the cheek and tooth. Recent studies (Bendrey) using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis found microscopic-sized fragments of iron embedded on Iron Age horse teeth, resulting from metal bit use. White Horses and History White horses have had a special place in ancient history-according to Herodotus, they were held as sacred animals in the Achaemenid court of Xerxes the Great (ruled 485-465 BC). White horses are associated with the Pegasus myth, the unicorn in the Babylonian myth of Gilgamesh, Arabian horses, Lipizzaner stallions, Shetland ponies, and Icelandic pony populations. The Thoroughbred Gene A recent DNA study (Bower et al.) examined the DNA of Thoroughbred racing horses and identified the specific allele which drives their speed and precocity. Thoroughbreds are a specific breed of horse, all of whom today are descended from the children of one of three foundation stallions: Byerley Turk (imported to England in the 1680s), Darley Arabian (1704) and Godolphin Arabian (1729). These stallions are all of Arab, Barb and Turk origin; their descendants are from one of only 74 British and imported mares. Horse breeding histories for Thoroughbreds have been recorded in the General Stud Book since 1791, and the genetic data certainly supports that history. Horse races in the 17th and 18th centuries ran 3,200-6,400 meters (2-4 miles), and horses were usually five or six years old. By the early 1800s, the Thoroughbred was bred for traits that enabled speed and stamina over distances from 1,600-2,800 meters at three years of age; since the 1860s, the horses have been bred for shorter races (1,000-1400 meters) and younger maturity, at 2 years. The genetic study looked at the DNA from hundreds of horses and identified the gene as C type myostatin gene variant, and came to the conclusion that this gene originated from a single mare, bred to one of the three founder male horses about 300 years ago. See Bower et al for additional information. Thistle Creek DNA and Deep Evolution In 2013, researchers led by Ludovic Orlando and Eske Willerslev of the Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark and University of Copenhagen (and reported in Orlando et al. 2013) reported on a metapodial horse fossil which had been found in permafrost within a Middle Pleistocene context in the Yukon territory of Canada and dated between 560,00-780,000 years ago. Amazingly, the researchers found that there were sufficiently intact molecules of collagen within the matrix of the bone to enable them to map the Thistle Creek horses genome. The researchers then compared the Thistle Creek specimen DNA to that of an Upper Paleolithic horse, a modern donkey, five modern domestic horse breeds, and one modern Przewalskis horse. Orlando and Willerslevs team found that over the past 500,000 years, horse populations have been enormously sensitive to climate change and that extremely low population sizes are associated with warming events. Further, using the Thistle Creek DNA as a baseline, they were able to determine that all modern existing equids (donkeys, horses, and zebras) originated from a common ancestor some 4-4.5 million years ago. In addition, Przewalskis horse diverged from the breeds which became domestic some 38,000-72,000 years ago, confirming the long-held belief that Przewalskis is the last remaining wild horse species. Sources Bendrey R. 2012. From wild horses to domestic horses: a European perspective. World Archaeology 44(1):135-157. Bendrey R. 2011. 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